Developments of the Iranian Criminal Policy in Drug Crimes and Drug Addiction

2. Bengali, Shashank and Mostaghim, Ramin, “Iran Suspends Death Penalty for Some Drug Crimes, Potentially Sparing Thousands on Death Row,” Los Angeles Times, January 10, 2018.

3. Ghiabi, Maziyar, “The Paradox of Iran’s War on Drugs and Its Progressive Treatment of Addiction.”

4. Janne Bjerre Christensen, Drugs, Deviancy, and Democracy in Iran: The Interaction of State and Civil Society (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2011).

5 . The majority of those living with HIV/AIDS in Iran are or have been intravenous drug users. See http://www.unaids. org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressre ports/2012countries.

6 . “Iran: UN Rights Chief Calls for End to Executions for Drug Offences,” UN News, April 14, 2016.

7 .Ghiabi, Maziyar, “Maintaining Disorder: The Micropolitics of Drugs Policy in Iran,” Third World Quarterly, 39:2, 277–-97 (2017).

8. Mckernan, Bethan, “Number of Drug Addicts in Iran ‘Doubles’ in Six Years,” The Independent, June 26, 2017.

9 . Nikpour, Golnar, Drugs and Drug Policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran, (2018), In: Middle East Brief, Crown center for middle east studies, No 119, pp. 1-7.

10 . Rezaian, Jason,“Women Addicted to Drugs in Iran Begin Seeking Treatment Despite Taboo.

11. Roshanfekr, Payam, Farnia, Marziyeh and Dejman, Masoumeh, “The Effectiveness of Harm Reduction Programs in Seven Prisons of Iran,” Iranian Journal of Public Health 42:12 (December 2013), 1430-37.

12 . “Tehran Changes Law on Drug Trafficking, Sparing Thousands Sentenced to Death,” AsiaNews.it, January 11, 2018.

13 . UNODC, World Drug Report 2014 (New York: United Nations, 2014).

14. UNODC, World Drug Report 2013 (New York: United Nations, 2013).

15 . UNODC, The Opium Economy in Afghanistan: An International Problem (New York: United Nations, 2003).

16 . UNODC, The Opium Economy in Afghanistan: An International Problem.

17. UNODC, “Responding to Drug Use and HIV in Iran,” November 19, 2008.

18 . UNODC, “Islamic Republic of Iran: Drug Prevention, Treatment and HIV/ AIDS Situation Analysis.” See http://www.asriran.com/fa/ news/492970/70 (in Persian) for prison drug use rates.

19 . A United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimate puts the total at 2.2 million. This figure is cited in Ramin Mostaghim and Shashank Bengali, “Iran’s Growing Drug Problem: ‘No Walk of Society Is Immune,’” Los Angeles Times, December 19, 2016. An estimate of 3 million, attributed to Iran’s Drug Control Headquarters, is cited in Jason Rezaian, “Women Addicted to Drugs in Iran Begin Seeking Treatment Despite Taboo,” The Washington Post, May 12, 2014. The 10 million figure comes from an Iranian Students’ News Agency (ISNA) report on Iran’s budgetary issues in dealing with drug addiction: https://www.isna.ir/ news/92062012883/ (in Persian).

20. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/11/21/afghanistans-opium-production-is-through-the-roof-why-washington-shouldnt-overreact/last seen: 2019/04/12.