By way of example, all FIDIC standard form contracts(42) include elaborate procedures, providing for the compulsory use of a range of dispute resolution techniques aimed at the early resolution of disputes, such as (1) determination by the engineer; (2) adjudication by a neutral dispute adjudication/avoidance board (DAB/DAAB), which becomes contractually binding if neither party issues a notice of dissatisfaction; (3) negotiations (typically first at the project management level, followed by negotiations at the steering committee level, or later at senior management level); and (4) in the absence of an amicable resolution of the dispute in the prescribed earlier stages, the dispute may be referred to mediation, litigation or arbitration.(43)…